Common Mistakes with ‘in conclusion’ in Academic Writing

Many writers use the phrase “in conclusion” as a default signal that their essay is ending, but this habit often weakens academic writing. The most common mistake is using “in conclusion” too early, too often, or in places where a more precise transition would serve better. Overusing this phrase can make your writing sound mechanical and can even confuse your reader about whether you have truly finished your argument. This guide explains the specific errors writers make with “in conclusion” and offers practical, direct alternatives that will strengthen your academic work.

Quick Answer: When Not to Use ‘in conclusion’

Do not use “in conclusion” if you are still introducing new evidence, if your paragraph is not the final one, or if you are writing a short email or informal note. In academic writing, reserve “in conclusion” for the very last paragraph of a long essay or research paper. For shorter pieces, emails, or conversations, use simpler endings like “finally,” “to sum up,” or “in short.” If you are unsure, it is safer to omit the phrase entirely and let your final point speak for itself.

Why ‘in conclusion’ Causes Problems

The phrase “in conclusion” signals a clear end to your argument. However, many learners and even experienced writers misuse it in three main ways:

1. Using It Too Early

Some writers place “in conclusion” at the start of a paragraph that is not actually the final one. This misleads the reader into thinking the essay is over, only to find another paragraph or two after it. This breaks the flow and can make your structure seem disorganized.

Example of the mistake:
“In conclusion, the evidence shows that renewable energy is essential. However, we must also consider the economic costs. In conclusion, the transition will require careful planning.”

Here, the writer uses “in conclusion” twice, and the first use appears too early. The reader expects the essay to end, but the argument continues.

2. Using It Too Often

Repeating “in conclusion” multiple times in one paper makes your writing feel repetitive. It suggests you are unsure how to end your thoughts naturally. In a single essay, you should use “in conclusion” only once, if at all.

3. Using It in the Wrong Context

“In conclusion” is formal and best suited for academic essays, research papers, or formal reports. Using it in an email to a colleague, a casual conversation, or a short blog post can sound stiff and unnatural. For example, writing “In conclusion, I look forward to your reply” in an email is overly formal and awkward.

Comparison Table: ‘in conclusion’ vs. Better Alternatives

Natural Examples of Correct Usage

Here are examples of how “in conclusion” can be used naturally and effectively in academic writing:

Example 1 (Research paper):
“In conclusion, the data from three separate studies confirm that early intervention improves long-term outcomes for students. These findings suggest that policymakers should prioritize funding for preschool programs.”

Example 2 (Essay):
“In conclusion, while both authors present compelling arguments, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the view that climate change is driven by human activity. Further research is needed to explore mitigation strategies.”

Example 3 (Formal report):
“In conclusion, the company’s revenue has increased steadily over the past five years, and the proposed expansion is likely to continue this trend.”

Notice that in each case, the sentence after “in conclusion” does not introduce new evidence. It summarizes the main point and offers a final thought or recommendation.

Common Mistakes with ‘in conclusion’

Here are the most frequent errors learners make, along with corrections:

Mistake 1: Adding New Information

Wrong: “In conclusion, the experiment showed that temperature affects growth. Additionally, we found that light also plays a role.”
Why it is wrong: “In conclusion” should only summarize or reflect on what has already been said. Adding new information confuses the reader.
Correct: “In conclusion, the experiment showed that temperature and light both affect growth. These findings highlight the need for controlled environments.”

Mistake 2: Using It in Every Paragraph

Wrong: “In conclusion, the first reason is cost. In conclusion, the second reason is time. In conclusion, the third reason is quality.”
Why it is wrong: This is repetitive and makes the writing feel choppy. Use “first,” “second,” and “third” instead.
Correct: “First, cost is a major factor. Second, time constraints are important. Third, quality cannot be ignored.”

Mistake 3: Using It in Non-Academic Contexts

Wrong (in an email): “In conclusion, please send me the report by Friday.”
Why it is wrong: Emails are usually less formal. “In conclusion” sounds like the end of a speech or essay.
Correct: “Please send me the report by Friday. Thank you.”

Mistake 4: Overusing It in Short Pieces

Wrong: “In conclusion, the movie was good.” (in a one-paragraph review)
Why it is wrong: A short piece does not need a formal conclusion signal.
Correct: “Overall, the movie was good.” or simply “The movie was good.”

Better Alternatives to ‘in conclusion’

Depending on your purpose, you can replace “in conclusion” with one of these phrases:

• To summarize – Use when you want to briefly restate main points. Example: “To summarize, the key factors are cost, time, and quality.”
• In summary – Similar to “to summarize,” but slightly more formal. Example: “In summary, the data supports the hypothesis.”
• Ultimately – Use to emphasize the final result or outcome. Example: “Ultimately, the decision rests with the board.”
• Overall – Good for general conclusions, especially in less formal writing. Example: “Overall, the project was a success.”
• Finally – Use to signal the last point in a series. Example: “Finally, we must consider the ethical implications.”
• In closing – A slightly less formal alternative for speeches or presentations. Example: “In closing, I want to thank everyone for their hard work.”
• To conclude – A direct synonym that can feel fresher. Example: “To conclude, the evidence is clear.”

When to Use ‘in conclusion’ (and When to Skip It)

Use “in conclusion” when:

• You are writing a formal academic essay or research paper of several pages.
• You are giving a formal speech or presentation.
• You want to clearly signal that your argument is ending.

Skip “in conclusion” when:

• Your piece is short (under 500 words).
• You are writing an email, text, or casual note.
• You are having a conversation.
• You have already used it earlier in the same piece.
• You are still introducing new points.

Mini Practice: Test Your Understanding

Read each sentence and decide if the use of “in conclusion” is correct or incorrect. Then check the answers below.

Question 1: “In conclusion, the first reason for the decline is poor management.”
Question 2: “In conclusion, the study confirms that exercise improves mental health. Future research should explore the long-term effects.”
Question 3: “In conclusion, I hope you can attend the meeting tomorrow.” (in an email)
Question 4: “In conclusion, the experiment failed. However, we learned valuable lessons about the procedure.”

Answers:

• Question 1: Incorrect. “In conclusion” should not be used for a single reason. Use “first” or “the first reason.”
• Question 2: Correct. This is a proper use in a formal academic context. It summarizes and then suggests future research.
• Question 3: Incorrect. This is too formal for an email. Simply say “I hope you can attend the meeting tomorrow.”
• Question 4: Incorrect. “However” introduces a new idea after “in conclusion,” which is confusing. Instead, write: “The experiment failed, but we learned valuable lessons about the procedure.”

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can I use ‘in conclusion’ in the middle of an essay?

No. “In conclusion” should only appear in the final paragraph of your essay. Using it earlier will confuse your reader about the structure of your argument.

2. Is ‘in conclusion’ too formal for a blog post?

Yes, usually. Blog posts are more conversational. Use “overall,” “to wrap up,” or simply end with your final point without a transition phrase.

3. What is the difference between ‘in conclusion’ and ‘to conclude’?

They are very similar in meaning and formality. “To conclude” can feel slightly more direct and active, while “in conclusion” is a bit more traditional. Both are acceptable in formal writing.

4. Should I always use a transition word at the end of my essay?

No. Many strong essays end without any transition word. If your final paragraph clearly summarizes your argument, the reader will understand it is the conclusion. A transition word is optional, not required.

For more help with structuring your writing, explore our guides on Essay Starters and Linking Words by Purpose. If you have further questions, visit our FAQ page or contact us directly.